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What's the Buzz- Medicine from the Bee Hive
What's the Buzz- Medicine from the Bee Hive
C. Leigh Broadhurst, Ph.D Source
In ancient times raw honey was as valuable on the battlefield as it was on the dinner
table. In fact, all bee products -- bee pollen, honey, propolis and royal jelly -- were
essential medications for many ailments. Although the beehive's millennial track
record is enough to satisfy some, skeptics might be interested in how science
confirms ancient wisdom.
Bee Pollen is flower pollen collected by honeybees from a variety of plants and is
the insect's primary food source. Pollen grains, which are flowers' male reproductive
cells, contain concentrations of phytochemicals and nutrients. Bee pollen is rich in
carotenoids, flavonoids and phytosterols.1
Bee Pollen is flower pollen collected by honeybees from a variety of plants and is
the insect's primary food source. Pollen grains, which are flowers' male reproductive
cells, contain concentrations of phytochemicals and nutrients. Bee pollen is rich in
carotenoids, flavonoids and phytosterols.1
Studies show promising results regarding pollen's potential. In a placebo-controlled,
double-blind clinical trial of 60 men, researchers from the University Hospital of
Wales, Cardiff, found pollen extract was an effective treatment for prostate
enlargement and prostatitis.2 In another study, mice with lung cancer survived
almost twice as long when treated with pollen extracts compared with untreated
controls. Pollen increased the effectiveness of chemotherapy when given
simultaneously. Unlike chemotherapy, pollen didn't attack tumors but stimulated
immunity.3
In a third study, rats were exposed to solvent vapors, simulating industrial exposure.
This elevated their liver enzymes, indicating diminished detoxification capabilities.
Liver damage was significant in the control rats, damage that was nearly prevented
in rats given pollen.4
Honey is a by-product of bees concentrating plant nectars. It is mainly food for bees,
bears and humans. The characteristic flowery taste of raw honey comes from the
pollen it contains. Honey's ability to heal wounds and treat infections is quite
notable. It also is known for its antioxidant, antibiotic and antiviral capabilities.
Honey is 18 to 20 percent water and is comprised of glucose and fructose; vitamins
A, B-complex, C, D, E, K and beta-carotene, as well as minerals and enzymes. Raw,
unprocessed honey has the most medicinal and nutritional value.
In a study of 104 patients with first-degree burns, researchers in Maharashtra, India,
compared honey's effectiveness to gauze soaked in silver sulfadiazine (SS), the
conventional treatment. After seven days, 91 percent of honey-treated burns were
infection-free compared with 7 percent of those treated with SS. After 15 days, 87
percent of honey-treated burns were healed compared with 10 percent of the
SS-treated burns. The raw wildflower honey formed a flexible protective barrier
which prevented infection, absorbed pus, and reduced pain, irritation and odor.5
Researchers in Sanaa, Yemen, treated 50 patients with wound infections following
cesarean section or hysterectomy twice daily with either raw wildflower honey or a
standard antiseptic solution of alcohol and iodine (AI). The 26 treated with honey
were infection-free after six days compared with 15 days for the 24 treated with AI.
Furthermore, 84 percent of honey patients healed cleanly compared with 50 percent
of AI patients. Honey treatment reduced the average postoperative scar width by
nearly two-thirds, and hospitalization duration by half.6
Four mechanisms are proposed for honey's healing properties:
1. Honey is mostly glucose and fructose. These sugars are strongly attracted to
water, forming a viscous syrup. When spread on a wound, honey absorbs water and
body fluids, thus drying out bacteria and fungi and inhibiting their growth.7
2. Raw honey contains glucose oxidase, an enzyme that, in the presence of a little
water, produces hydrogen peroxide, a mild antiseptic. Glucose oxidase is destroyed
by bright light, heat and pasteurization, so it is absent from most commercial
honeys.7
3. Raw honey contains bee pollen, enzymes and propolis, all of which can stimulate
new tissue growth.7
4. Honey can contain additional medicinal compounds, including essential oils,
flavonoids, terpenes and polyphenols, depending on the plant from which the pollen
was taken.7
In a laboratory study of 345 unpasteurized honey samples, the majority exhibited
antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause food
poisoning. When honey's natural hydrogen peroxide effects were removed, only
honey from Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and Viper's bugloss (Echium
vulgare) were still active.8 New Zealand's dark, aromatic Manuka honey also
inhibited Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria that can cause ulcers.9 In general,
stronger, darker honeys, such as buckwheat, sagebrush and tupelo, have greater
antimicrobial and antioxidant activity--enough to act as food preservatives.10
Propolis consists mainly of specific tree resins collected by honeybees. Bees use
propolis like putty to seal cracks and openings in the hive, strengthen combs and
seal brood cells. Propolis also helps sterilize the hive--the resins protect both trees
and bees from infections.11 Most research has been conducted predominantly on
poplars, but beech, birch, chestnut and several conifer species have also been
studied.12
More than 180 compounds have been identified in propolis, and many are
biologically active.11 Flavonoids are abundant, including many that are
anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antioxidant and/or antimutagenic and
antispasmodic.13 Propolis is uniquely rich in properties which have been shown to
inhibit cancer growth in animal studies14 and reduce inflammation as effectively as
drugs.15
Propolis also contains organic acids and their derivatives. These constituents
contribute antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral effects.11,13,16-18
In cultures, propolis inhibits the growth of various viruses and fungi including herpes,
influenza, rota, candida and aspergillus.16,19,20 Many bacteria are also affected,
including Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus
spp. Propolis is active against bacteria isolated from people with upper respiratory
infections, including penicillin-resistant strains.21
Propolis promotes pharmaceutical antibiotics, including streptomycin, penicillin,
neomycin and tetracycline; the combined products act synergistically.21 Propolis
can be taken in conjunction with prescribed medications but not in place of them.
Propolis is also a superior ingredient in wound salves and may help heal stomach
ulcers. One tablespoon raw honey with propolis three times daily during an ulcer
flare-up can be helpful. In addition to being antimicrobial, propolis is
anti-inflammatory and detoxifying, and it stimulates new tissue growth.18
Royal Jelly is a thick, creamy fluid synthesized in nurse bees' bodies during
digestion of bee pollen and secreted from glands in their heads. All larvae are fed
royal jelly for three days, but the queen bee eats royal jelly exclusively, which makes
her fertile and able to live for five to seven years. In contrast, worker bees are sterile
and live just seven to eight weeks. Royal jelly has a reputation for maintaining
youthfulness in humans, but research, while encouraging, lags behind that for other
hive products.
Fresh royal jelly is 2.0 to 6.4 percent trans-10-hydroxy delta-2-decanoic acid (HDA)
by weight.22 HDA is a monounsaturated fatty acid with a hydroxyl group. Hydroxy
fatty acids protect skin from dehydration, and some are strongly anti-inflammatory.
HDA may also be anti-inflammatory.23 Royal jelly also contains collagen; lecithin;
and vitamins A, C, D and E--all of which benefit the skin.24 Concentrated royal jelly
moisturizes dry skin and soothes dermatitis.18,25 Additionally, royal jelly contains all
the B vitamins and several other compounds that help lower cholesterol. A review of
controlled studies concluded that in humans, 50 to 100 mg royal jelly per day
decreased total cholesterol by 14 percent and triglycerides by 10 percent.26 Royal
jelly at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight also slowed the development of
atherosclerosis in rabbits fed high-fat diets.17
In 1999 researchers at the USDA/University of Arizona in Tucson discovered genes
that respond to a 24-hour royal jelly diet--the process that turns ordinary bee larva
into queen bees. At Northern Ohio University in Ada, rats fed only raw bee pollen
granules were healthier and leaner than those fed standard rat chow. Clearly,
there's something to that millennial track record.
References
1. Markham KR, Campos M. 7- and 8-o-methylherbacetin-3-o-sophorosides from
bee pollens and some structure/activity observations. Phytochemistry
1996;43:763-7.
2. Buck AC, et al. Treatment of outflow tract obstruction due to benign prostatic
hyperplasia with the pollen extract Cernilton, a double-blind, placebo-controlled
study. Br J Urol 1990;66:398-404.
3. Furusawa E, et al. Antitumor potential of pollen extract on Lewis lung carcinoma
implanted intraperitoneally in syngenic mice. Phytother Res 1995;9:255-9.
4. Ceglecka M, et al. Effect of pollen extracts on prolonged poisoning of rats with
organic solvents. Phytother Res 1991:5;245-9.
5. Subrahmanyam M. Topical application of honey in treatment of burns. Br J Surg
1991;78:497-8.
6. Al-Waili NS, Saloom KY. Effects of topical honey on post-operative wound
infections due to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria following caesarean
sections and hysterectomies. Eur J Med Res 1999;4:126-30.
7. Molan PC. The antibacterial activity of honey, Part 1 and Part 2. Bee World
1992;73:5-76.
8. Allen K, et al. A survey of the antibacterial activity of some New Zealand honeys. J
Pharm Pharmacol 1991;43:817-22.
9. Somal NA, et al. Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to the antibacterial activity of
manuka honey. J Royal Soc Med 1994;87:9-12.
10. Frankel S, et al. Antioxidant capacity and correlated characteristics of 14
unifloral honeys. J Apic Res 1998;37:27-31.
11. Burdock GA. Review of the biological properties of propolis and toxicity of bee
propolis (propolis). Food Chem Toxicol 1998;36:347-63.
12. Bankova VS, et al. Isopentyl cinnamates from poplar buds and propolis.
Phytochemistry 1989;28:871-3.
13. Duke JA, et al. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Data
Base (http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/) 1999.
14. Chinthalapally VR, et al. Inhibitory effect of caffeic acid esters on
azoxymethane-induced biochemical changes and aberrant crypt foci formation in rat
colon. Canc Res 1993;53:4182-8.
15. Mirzoeva OK, Calder PC. The effect of propolis and its components on
eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response. Prostagland Leukot
Essent Fatty Acid 1996;55:441-9.
16. Greenaway W, et al. The composition and plant origins of propolis: a report of
work at Oxford. Bee World 1990;71:107-18.
17. Cheng PC, Wong G. Honey bee propolis: prospects in medicine. Bee World
1996;77:8-14.
18. Krell R. Value-added products from bee keeping. FAO Agricultural Services
Bulletin 124; 1996.
19. Ghisalberti EL. Propolis: a review. Bee World 1979;60:59-84.
20. Amoros M, et al. Comparison of the anti-herpes simplex virus activities of
propolis and 3-methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate. J Nat Prod 1994;57:644-7.
21. Krol W, et al. Inhibition of neutrophils chemiluminescence by ethanol extracts of
propolis (EEP) and its phenolic components. J Ethnopharm 1996;55:19-25.
22. Bloodworth BC, et al. Liquid chromatographic determination of
trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid content of commercial products containing royal
jelly. J AOAC Int. 1995;78:1019-23.
23. Ziboh VJ. The significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cutaneous biology.
Lipids 1996;31:S249-53.
24. Lecker G, et al. Components of royal jelly II: the lipid fraction, hyrocarbons and
sterols. J Apic Res 1982;21:178-84.
25. Iannuzzi J. Royal jelly: mystery food, in three parts. Am Bee J 1990;8:532-4,
587-9, 659-62.
26. Vittek J. Effect of royal jelly on serum lipids in experimental animals and humans
with atherosclerosis. Experientia 1995;51:927-35.
C. Leigh Broadhurst, Ph.D., heads 22nd Century Nutrition, a nutrition/scientific
consulting firm, and is a visiting scientist at a government nutrition research
laboratory.
C. Leigh Broadhurst, Ph.D Source
In ancient times raw honey was as valuable on the battlefield as it was on the dinner
table. In fact, all bee products -- bee pollen, honey, propolis and royal jelly -- were
essential medications for many ailments. Although the beehive's millennial track
record is enough to satisfy some, skeptics might be interested in how science
confirms ancient wisdom.
Bee Pollen is flower pollen collected by honeybees from a variety of plants and is
the insect's primary food source. Pollen grains, which are flowers' male reproductive
cells, contain concentrations of phytochemicals and nutrients. Bee pollen is rich in
carotenoids, flavonoids and phytosterols.1
Bee Pollen is flower pollen collected by honeybees from a variety of plants and is
the insect's primary food source. Pollen grains, which are flowers' male reproductive
cells, contain concentrations of phytochemicals and nutrients. Bee pollen is rich in
carotenoids, flavonoids and phytosterols.1
Studies show promising results regarding pollen's potential. In a placebo-controlled,
double-blind clinical trial of 60 men, researchers from the University Hospital of
Wales, Cardiff, found pollen extract was an effective treatment for prostate
enlargement and prostatitis.2 In another study, mice with lung cancer survived
almost twice as long when treated with pollen extracts compared with untreated
controls. Pollen increased the effectiveness of chemotherapy when given
simultaneously. Unlike chemotherapy, pollen didn't attack tumors but stimulated
immunity.3
In a third study, rats were exposed to solvent vapors, simulating industrial exposure.
This elevated their liver enzymes, indicating diminished detoxification capabilities.
Liver damage was significant in the control rats, damage that was nearly prevented
in rats given pollen.4
Honey is a by-product of bees concentrating plant nectars. It is mainly food for bees,
bears and humans. The characteristic flowery taste of raw honey comes from the
pollen it contains. Honey's ability to heal wounds and treat infections is quite
notable. It also is known for its antioxidant, antibiotic and antiviral capabilities.
Honey is 18 to 20 percent water and is comprised of glucose and fructose; vitamins
A, B-complex, C, D, E, K and beta-carotene, as well as minerals and enzymes. Raw,
unprocessed honey has the most medicinal and nutritional value.
In a study of 104 patients with first-degree burns, researchers in Maharashtra, India,
compared honey's effectiveness to gauze soaked in silver sulfadiazine (SS), the
conventional treatment. After seven days, 91 percent of honey-treated burns were
infection-free compared with 7 percent of those treated with SS. After 15 days, 87
percent of honey-treated burns were healed compared with 10 percent of the
SS-treated burns. The raw wildflower honey formed a flexible protective barrier
which prevented infection, absorbed pus, and reduced pain, irritation and odor.5
Researchers in Sanaa, Yemen, treated 50 patients with wound infections following
cesarean section or hysterectomy twice daily with either raw wildflower honey or a
standard antiseptic solution of alcohol and iodine (AI). The 26 treated with honey
were infection-free after six days compared with 15 days for the 24 treated with AI.
Furthermore, 84 percent of honey patients healed cleanly compared with 50 percent
of AI patients. Honey treatment reduced the average postoperative scar width by
nearly two-thirds, and hospitalization duration by half.6
Four mechanisms are proposed for honey's healing properties:
1. Honey is mostly glucose and fructose. These sugars are strongly attracted to
water, forming a viscous syrup. When spread on a wound, honey absorbs water and
body fluids, thus drying out bacteria and fungi and inhibiting their growth.7
2. Raw honey contains glucose oxidase, an enzyme that, in the presence of a little
water, produces hydrogen peroxide, a mild antiseptic. Glucose oxidase is destroyed
by bright light, heat and pasteurization, so it is absent from most commercial
honeys.7
3. Raw honey contains bee pollen, enzymes and propolis, all of which can stimulate
new tissue growth.7
4. Honey can contain additional medicinal compounds, including essential oils,
flavonoids, terpenes and polyphenols, depending on the plant from which the pollen
was taken.7
In a laboratory study of 345 unpasteurized honey samples, the majority exhibited
antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause food
poisoning. When honey's natural hydrogen peroxide effects were removed, only
honey from Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and Viper's bugloss (Echium
vulgare) were still active.8 New Zealand's dark, aromatic Manuka honey also
inhibited Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria that can cause ulcers.9 In general,
stronger, darker honeys, such as buckwheat, sagebrush and tupelo, have greater
antimicrobial and antioxidant activity--enough to act as food preservatives.10
Propolis consists mainly of specific tree resins collected by honeybees. Bees use
propolis like putty to seal cracks and openings in the hive, strengthen combs and
seal brood cells. Propolis also helps sterilize the hive--the resins protect both trees
and bees from infections.11 Most research has been conducted predominantly on
poplars, but beech, birch, chestnut and several conifer species have also been
studied.12
More than 180 compounds have been identified in propolis, and many are
biologically active.11 Flavonoids are abundant, including many that are
anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antioxidant and/or antimutagenic and
antispasmodic.13 Propolis is uniquely rich in properties which have been shown to
inhibit cancer growth in animal studies14 and reduce inflammation as effectively as
drugs.15
Propolis also contains organic acids and their derivatives. These constituents
contribute antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral effects.11,13,16-18
In cultures, propolis inhibits the growth of various viruses and fungi including herpes,
influenza, rota, candida and aspergillus.16,19,20 Many bacteria are also affected,
including Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus
spp. Propolis is active against bacteria isolated from people with upper respiratory
infections, including penicillin-resistant strains.21
Propolis promotes pharmaceutical antibiotics, including streptomycin, penicillin,
neomycin and tetracycline; the combined products act synergistically.21 Propolis
can be taken in conjunction with prescribed medications but not in place of them.
Propolis is also a superior ingredient in wound salves and may help heal stomach
ulcers. One tablespoon raw honey with propolis three times daily during an ulcer
flare-up can be helpful. In addition to being antimicrobial, propolis is
anti-inflammatory and detoxifying, and it stimulates new tissue growth.18
Royal Jelly is a thick, creamy fluid synthesized in nurse bees' bodies during
digestion of bee pollen and secreted from glands in their heads. All larvae are fed
royal jelly for three days, but the queen bee eats royal jelly exclusively, which makes
her fertile and able to live for five to seven years. In contrast, worker bees are sterile
and live just seven to eight weeks. Royal jelly has a reputation for maintaining
youthfulness in humans, but research, while encouraging, lags behind that for other
hive products.
Fresh royal jelly is 2.0 to 6.4 percent trans-10-hydroxy delta-2-decanoic acid (HDA)
by weight.22 HDA is a monounsaturated fatty acid with a hydroxyl group. Hydroxy
fatty acids protect skin from dehydration, and some are strongly anti-inflammatory.
HDA may also be anti-inflammatory.23 Royal jelly also contains collagen; lecithin;
and vitamins A, C, D and E--all of which benefit the skin.24 Concentrated royal jelly
moisturizes dry skin and soothes dermatitis.18,25 Additionally, royal jelly contains all
the B vitamins and several other compounds that help lower cholesterol. A review of
controlled studies concluded that in humans, 50 to 100 mg royal jelly per day
decreased total cholesterol by 14 percent and triglycerides by 10 percent.26 Royal
jelly at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight also slowed the development of
atherosclerosis in rabbits fed high-fat diets.17
In 1999 researchers at the USDA/University of Arizona in Tucson discovered genes
that respond to a 24-hour royal jelly diet--the process that turns ordinary bee larva
into queen bees. At Northern Ohio University in Ada, rats fed only raw bee pollen
granules were healthier and leaner than those fed standard rat chow. Clearly,
there's something to that millennial track record.
References
1. Markham KR, Campos M. 7- and 8-o-methylherbacetin-3-o-sophorosides from
bee pollens and some structure/activity observations. Phytochemistry
1996;43:763-7.
2. Buck AC, et al. Treatment of outflow tract obstruction due to benign prostatic
hyperplasia with the pollen extract Cernilton, a double-blind, placebo-controlled
study. Br J Urol 1990;66:398-404.
3. Furusawa E, et al. Antitumor potential of pollen extract on Lewis lung carcinoma
implanted intraperitoneally in syngenic mice. Phytother Res 1995;9:255-9.
4. Ceglecka M, et al. Effect of pollen extracts on prolonged poisoning of rats with
organic solvents. Phytother Res 1991:5;245-9.
5. Subrahmanyam M. Topical application of honey in treatment of burns. Br J Surg
1991;78:497-8.
6. Al-Waili NS, Saloom KY. Effects of topical honey on post-operative wound
infections due to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria following caesarean
sections and hysterectomies. Eur J Med Res 1999;4:126-30.
7. Molan PC. The antibacterial activity of honey, Part 1 and Part 2. Bee World
1992;73:5-76.
8. Allen K, et al. A survey of the antibacterial activity of some New Zealand honeys. J
Pharm Pharmacol 1991;43:817-22.
9. Somal NA, et al. Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to the antibacterial activity of
manuka honey. J Royal Soc Med 1994;87:9-12.
10. Frankel S, et al. Antioxidant capacity and correlated characteristics of 14
unifloral honeys. J Apic Res 1998;37:27-31.
11. Burdock GA. Review of the biological properties of propolis and toxicity of bee
propolis (propolis). Food Chem Toxicol 1998;36:347-63.
12. Bankova VS, et al. Isopentyl cinnamates from poplar buds and propolis.
Phytochemistry 1989;28:871-3.
13. Duke JA, et al. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Data
Base (http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/) 1999.
14. Chinthalapally VR, et al. Inhibitory effect of caffeic acid esters on
azoxymethane-induced biochemical changes and aberrant crypt foci formation in rat
colon. Canc Res 1993;53:4182-8.
15. Mirzoeva OK, Calder PC. The effect of propolis and its components on
eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response. Prostagland Leukot
Essent Fatty Acid 1996;55:441-9.
16. Greenaway W, et al. The composition and plant origins of propolis: a report of
work at Oxford. Bee World 1990;71:107-18.
17. Cheng PC, Wong G. Honey bee propolis: prospects in medicine. Bee World
1996;77:8-14.
18. Krell R. Value-added products from bee keeping. FAO Agricultural Services
Bulletin 124; 1996.
19. Ghisalberti EL. Propolis: a review. Bee World 1979;60:59-84.
20. Amoros M, et al. Comparison of the anti-herpes simplex virus activities of
propolis and 3-methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate. J Nat Prod 1994;57:644-7.
21. Krol W, et al. Inhibition of neutrophils chemiluminescence by ethanol extracts of
propolis (EEP) and its phenolic components. J Ethnopharm 1996;55:19-25.
22. Bloodworth BC, et al. Liquid chromatographic determination of
trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid content of commercial products containing royal
jelly. J AOAC Int. 1995;78:1019-23.
23. Ziboh VJ. The significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cutaneous biology.
Lipids 1996;31:S249-53.
24. Lecker G, et al. Components of royal jelly II: the lipid fraction, hyrocarbons and
sterols. J Apic Res 1982;21:178-84.
25. Iannuzzi J. Royal jelly: mystery food, in three parts. Am Bee J 1990;8:532-4,
587-9, 659-62.
26. Vittek J. Effect of royal jelly on serum lipids in experimental animals and humans
with atherosclerosis. Experientia 1995;51:927-35.
C. Leigh Broadhurst, Ph.D., heads 22nd Century Nutrition, a nutrition/scientific
consulting firm, and is a visiting scientist at a government nutrition research
laboratory.